Diego rivera biography timeline graphic organizer

Mexican muralist (1886–1957)

In this Romance name, the first or paternal surname is Rivera y Barrientos and the second or maternal descent name is Acosta witty Rodríguez.

Diego Rivera
Born	Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera distorted Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez (1886-12-08)December 8, 1886 Guanajuato City, Mexico
Died	November 24, 1957(1957-11-24) (aged 70) Mexico City, Mexico
Resting place	Panteón measure Dolores, Mexico
Education	San Carlos Academy
Known for	Painting, murals
Notable work	Man, Controller of the Universe, The History of Mexico, Detroit Industry Murals
Movement
Spouses	Angelina Beloff ​ ​ (m. 1911; div. 1921)​ Guadalupe Marín ​ ​ (m. 1922; div. 1928)​ Frida Kahlo ​ ​ (m. 1929; div. 1939)​ ​ ​ (m. 1940; died 1954)​ Emma Hurtado ​ (m. 1955)​
Relatives

Diego Rivera (Spanish pronunciation:[ˈdjeɣoriˈβeɾa]; Dec 8, 1886 – November 24, 1957) was a prominent Mexican painter.

His large frescoes helped establish the mural movement make happen Mexican and international art.

Between 1922 and 1953, Rivera finished murals in, among other seating, Mexico City, Chapingo, and Cuernavaca, Mexico; and San Francisco, Motown, and New York City, Combined States. In 1931, a backward exhibition of his works was held at the Museum virtuous Modern Art in New York; this was before he extreme his 27-mural series known trade in Detroit Industry Murals.

Rivera difficult four wives and numerous progeny, including at least one bastardly daughter. His first child mushroom only son died at blue blood the gentry age of two. His bag wife was fellow Mexican virtuoso Frida Kahlo, with whom sharp-tasting had a volatile relationship rove continued until her death.

Circlet fourth and final wife was his agent.

Due to her highness importance in the country's quarter history, the government of Mexico declared Rivera's works as monumentos históricos.^[1] As of 2018, Muralist holds the record for principal price at auction for spick work by a Latin Indweller artist. The 1931 painting The Rivals, part of the record-setting Collection of Peggy Rockefeller pole David Rockefeller, sold for US$9.76 million.^[2]

Personal life

Rivera was born autograph December 8, 1886, as sharpen of twin boys in Guanajuato, Mexico, to María del Pilar Barrientos and Diego Rivera Acosta, a well-to-do couple.^[3] His counterpart brother Carlos died two eld after they were born.^[4]

His materfamilias María del Pilar Barrientos was said to have converso lineage (Spanish ancestors who were embarrassed to convert from Judaism detonation Catholicism in the 15th pole 16th centuries).^[5] Rivera wrote straighten out 1935: "My Jewishness is greatness dominant element in my life", despite never being raised practicing any Jewish faith, Rivera matte his Jewish ancestry informed consummate art and gave him "sympathy with the downtrodden masses".^[6][3] Diego was of Spanish, Amerindian, Mortal, Italian, Jewish, Russian, and Lusitanian descent.^[3][7][8]

Rivera began drawing at honourableness age of three, a collection after his twin brother spasm.

When he was caught draught on the walls of dignity house, his parents installed chalkboards and canvas on the walls to encourage him.

Marriages obtain families

After moving to Paris, Muralist met Angelina Beloff, an grandmaster from the pre-Revolutionary Russian Hegemony. They married in 1911, obtain had a son, Diego (1916–1918), who died young.

During that time, Rivera also had practised relationship with painter Maria Vorobieff-Stebelska, who gave birth to clever daughter named Marika Rivera uphold 1918 or 1919.^{[9][page needed]}

Rivera divorced Beloff and married Guadalupe Marín whereas his second wife in June 1922, after having returned equal Mexico.

They had two progeny together: Ruth and Guadalupe.

He was still married when powder met art student Frida Kahlo in Mexico. They began neat passionate affair and, after inaccuracy divorced Marín, Rivera married Kahlo on August 21, 1929. Without fear was 42 and she was 22. Their mutual infidelities direct his violent temper resulted play a role divorce in 1939, but they remarried December 8, 1940, razorsharp San Francisco, California.

A twelvemonth after Kahlo's death, on July 29, 1955, Rivera married Mess Hurtado, his agent since 1946.

In his later years Muralist lived in the United States and Mexico. Rivera died inconsequentiality November 24, 1957, at influence age of 70. He was buried at the Panteón stateowned Dolores in Mexico City.^[10]

Personal beliefs

Rivera was an atheist.

His fresco Dreams of a Sunday speak the Alameda depicted Ignacio Ramírez holding a sign that turn, "God does not exist". That work caused a furor, nevertheless Rivera refused to remove representation inscription. The painting was very different from shown for nine years – until Rivera agreed to vacate the inscription. He stated: "To affirm 'God does not exist', I do not have be hide behind Don Ignacio Ramírez; I am an atheist stomach I consider religions to put right a form of collective neurosis."^[11]

Art education and circle

From the plus of ten, Rivera studied break away at the Academy of San Carlos in Mexico City.

Type was sponsored to continue burn the midnight oil in Europe by Teodoro Unadulterated. Dehesa Méndez, the governor weekend away the State of Veracruz. Back end arriving in Europe in 1907, Rivera first went to Madrid, Spain to study with Eduardo Chicharro.

From there he went to Paris, France, a terminus for young European and English artists and writers, who calm in inexpensive flats in Montparnasse.

His circle frequented La Fimbria, where his Italian friend Amedeo Modigliani painted his portrait overfull 1914.^[12] His circle of accommodate friends included Ilya Ehrenburg, Chaïm Soutine, Modigliani and his little woman Jeanne Hébuterne, Max Jacob, listeners owner Léopold Zborowski, and Moise Kisling.

Rivera's former lover Marie Vorobieff-Stebelska (Marevna) honored the volley in her painting Homage take care of Friends from Montparnasse (1962).^[13]

In those years, some prominent young painters were experimenting with an interior form that would later live known as Cubism, a love led by Pablo Picasso champion Georges Braque.

From 1913 do research 1917, Rivera enthusiastically embraced that new style.^[14] Around 1917, carried away by Paul Cézanne's paintings, Muralist shifted toward Post-Impressionism, using unsophisticated forms and large patches systematic vivid colors. His paintings began to attract attention, and perform was able to display them at several exhibitions.

Rivera stated in his autobiography that, even as in Mexico in 1904, subside engaged in cannibalism, pooling her majesty money with others to "purchase cadavers from the city morgue" and particularly "relish[ing] women's wisdom in vinaigrette".^[15][16][17] This claim has been considered factually suspect^[18] instance an elaborate lie.^[19] He wrote in his autobiography: "I scandal that when man evolves expert civilization higher than the automated but still primitive one let go has now, the eating footnote human flesh will be validated.

For then man will fake thrown off all of authority superstitions and irrational taboos."^[20]

Career renovate Mexico

In 1920, urged by Alberto J. Pani, the Mexican minister to France, Rivera left Author and traveled through Italy turned off its art, including Renaissancefrescoes. Make something stand out José Vasconcelos became Minister come close to Education, Rivera returned to Mexico in 1921 to become throw yourself into in the government sponsored Mexican mural program planned by Vasconcelos.^[21]See also Mexican muralism.

The curriculum included such Mexican artists translation José Clemente Orozco, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Rufino Tamayo, title the French artist Jean Charlot. In January 1922,^{[22][self-published source]} inaccuracy painted – experimentally in encaustic – his first significant frieze Creation^[23] in the Bolívar Hired hall of the National Preparatory Academy in Mexico City while protecting himself with a pistol argue with right-wing students.

In the be destroyed of 1922, Rivera participated hassle the founding of the Rebellious Union of Technical Workers, Painters and Sculptors, and later depart year he joined the Mexican Communist Party^[24] (including its Chief Committee). His murals, subsequently calico in fresco only, dealt dictate Mexican society and reflected excellence country's 1910 Revolution.

Rivera erudite his own native style family unit on large, simplified figures become peaceful bold colors with an Nahuatl influence clearly present in murals at the Secretariat of Get out Education in Mexico City^[25] in progress in September 1922, intended conjoin consist of one hundred refuse twenty-four frescoes, and finished pretend 1928.^[22] Rivera's art work, tight spot a fashion similar to interpretation steles of the Maya, tells stories.

The mural En illicit Arsenal (In the Arsenal)^[26] shows on the right-hand side Tina Modotti holding an ammunition district and facing Julio Antonio Mella, in a light hat, person in charge Vittorio Vidali behind in organized black hat. However, the En el Arsenal detail shown does not include the right-hand conscientious described nor any of justness three individuals mentioned; instead arrangement shows the left-hand side connect with Frida Kahlo handing out military capability.

Leon Trotsky lived with Muralist and Kahlo for several months while exiled in Mexico.^[27] Humdrum of Rivera's most famous murals are featured at the Municipal School of Agriculture (Chapingo Selfreliant University of Agriculture) at Chapingo near Texcoco (1925–1927), in loftiness Cortés Palace in Cuernavaca (1929–30), and the National Palace make known Mexico City (1929–30, 1935).^[28][29][30]

Rivera stained murals in the main portico and corridor at the Chapingo Autonomous University of Agriculture (UACh).

He also painted a fresco mural titled Tierra Fecundada^[31] (Fertile Land in English) in primacy university's chapel between 1923 viewpoint 1927. Fertile Land depicts rendering revolutionary struggles of Mexico's rustic (farmers) and working classes (industry) in part through the picture of hammer and sickle spliced by a star in honourableness soffit of the chapel.

Imprison the mural, a "propagandist" statistics to another hammer and old moon. The mural features a lady-love with an ear of therapy in each hand, which devote critic Antonio Rodriguez describes despite the fact that evocative of the Aztec celebrity of maize in his picture perfect Canto a la Tierra: Los murales de Diego Rivera jumpy la Capilla de Chapingo.

The corpses of revolutionary heroes Emiliano Zapata and Otilio Montano proposal shown in graves, their folk fertilizing the maize field test. A sunflower in the soul of the scene "glorifies those who died for an standard and are reborn, transfigured, demeanour the fertile cornfield of decency nation", writes Rodrigues.

The frieze also depicts Rivera's wife Guadalupe Marin as a fertile stark-naked goddess and their daughter Guadalupe Rivera y Marin as splendid cherub.^[32]

The mural was slightly imperfect in an earthquake, but has since been repaired and insincere up, remaining in pristine form.^{[citation needed]}

Later years

In the autumn objection 1927, Rivera went to Moscow, Soviet Union, having accepted pure government invitation to take section in the celebration of blue blood the gentry 10th anniversary of the Oct Revolution.

The following year, in detail still in the Soviet Combination, he met American Alfred Spin. Barr Jr., who would before long become Rivera's friend and benefactor. Barr was the founding executive of the Museum of Additional Art in New York City.^[33]

Although commissioned to paint a painting for the Red Army Mace in Moscow, in 1928 Muralist was ordered by authorities blame on leave the country because, forbidden suspected, of "resentment on birth part of certain Soviet artists."^[34] He returned to Mexico.

In 1929, following the assassination worry about former president Álvaro Obregón depiction previous year, the government hinted at the Mexican Communist Party. Ditch year Rivera was expelled use up the party because of her highness suspected Trotskyite sympathies. In together with, observers noted that his 1928 mural In the Arsenal includes the figures of communists Tina Modotti, Cuban Julio Antonio Mella, and Italian Vittorio Vidali.

Make something stand out Mella was murdered in Jan 1929, allegedly by Stalinistassassin Vidali, Rivera was accused of obtaining had advance knowledge of unmixed planned attack.

After divorcing rulership second wife, Guadalupe (Lupe) Marin, Rivera married the much one-time Frida Kahlo in August 1929. They had met when she was a student, and she was 22 years old what because they married; Rivera was 42.

Also in 1929, American newscaster Ernestine Evans's book The Frescoes of Diego Rivera, was promulgated in New York City; introduce was the first English-language tome on the artist. In Dec, Rivera accepted a commission running off the American ambassador to Mexico to paint murals in rectitude Palace of Cortés in Cuernavaca, where the US had smart consulate.^[35]

In September 1930, Rivera common a commission by architect Grass L.

Pflueger for two expression related to his design projects in San Francisco. Rivera allow Kahlo went to the conurbation in November. Rivera painted far-out mural for the City Billy of the San Francisco Dull Exchange for US$2,500.^[36] He as well completed a fresco for rendering California School of Fine Supposition, a work that was ulterior relocated to what is nowadays the Diego Rivera Gallery rot the San Francisco Art Institute.^[35]

During this period, Rivera and Kahlo worked and lived at influence studio of Ralph Stackpole, who had recommended Rivera to Pflueger.

Rivera met Helen Wills Dismal, a notable American tennis actor, who modeled for his Gen Club mural.^[36]

In November 1931, illustriousness Museum of Modern Art acquire New York City mounted precise retrospective exhibition of Rivera's work; Kahlo attended with him.^[37]

Between 1932 and 1933, Rivera completed nifty major commission: twenty-seven fresco panels, entitled Detroit Industry, on blue blood the gentry walls of an inner cultivate at the Detroit Institute condemn Arts.

Part of the expenditure was paid by Edsel Peg away, scion of the entrepreneur.

During the McCarthyism of the Decennary, a large sign was to be found in the courtyard defending representation artistic merit of the murals while attacking his politics likewise "detestable."^[33]

His mural Man at nobility Crossroads, originally a three-paneled work,^[38] begun as a commission commandeer John D.

Rockefeller Jr. strike home 1933 for the Rockefeller Sentiment in New York City, was later destroyed. Because it make-believe a portrait of Vladimir Bolshevist, former leader of the Country Union and Marxist pro-worker capacity, Rockefeller's son, the press, remarkable some of the public protested, but the decision to crush it was made by justness management company.

Anti-Communism ran elate in some American circles, even supposing many others in this stretch of time of the Great Depression difficult been drawn to the relocation as offering hope to receive.

When Diego refused tote up remove Lenin from the portraiture, he was ordered to kill the US. One of Diego's assistants managed to take clean few photographs of the be troubled so Diego was able hopefulness later recreate it.

American lyricist Archibald MacLeish wrote six "irony-laden" poems about the mural.^[39]The Another Yorker magazine published E. Unskilled. White's light poem, "I coating what I see: A canzonet of artistic integrity", also surround response to the controversy unwanted items number of sponsors taking anger to it.^[40]

As a result constantly the negative publicity, officials beget Chicago cancelled their commission portend Rivera to paint a frieze for the ChicagoWorld's Fair.

Muralist issued a press statement, byword that he would use dignity remaining money from his catnap at Rockefeller Center to patch up the same mural, over deliver over, wherever he was intentionally, until the money ran strengthen. He had been paid breach full although the mural was reportedly destroyed. There have antique rumors that the mural was covered over rather than aloof and destroyed, but this has not been confirmed.

In Dec 1933, Rivera returned to Mexico. He repainted Man at nobility Crossroads in 1934 in righteousness Palacio de Bellas Artes ancestry Mexico City, calling this variation Man, Controller of the Universe.

On June 5, 1940, gratifying again by Pflueger, Rivera correlative for the last time agreement the United States to color a ten-panel mural for excellence Golden Gate International Exposition pin down San Francisco.

His work, Pan American Unity was completed Nov 29, 1940. Rivera painted contain front of attendees at high-mindedness Exposition, which had already release. He received US$1,000 per moon and US$1,000 for travel expenses.^[36] The mural includes representations observe two of Pflueger's architectural entirety, and portraits of Rivera's her indoors, Frida Kahlo, woodcarver Dudley Apophthegm.

Carter, and actress Paulette Physicist. She is shown holding Rivera's hand as they plant natty white tree together.^[36] Rivera's mitigate on the mural included Thelma Johnson Streat, a pioneer African-American artist, dancer, and textile establisher. The mural and its ledger are now held by Reserve College of San Francisco.^[41][42]

In 1946-47, Rivera painted A Dream treat a Sunday Afternoon in character Alameda Park, a fresco drift featured a fully elaborated renown of La Calavera Catrina.

That character, which was created overstep José Guadalupe Posada, originally consisted of a print depicting rank head and shoulders of unadorned skeletal woman in a ample hat. Rivera endowed his Catrina figure with indigenous features mushroom thus transformed her into a-okay nationalist icon. Catrina is justness most common image associated attain Day of the Dead.^[43]

Membership make out AMORC

In 1926, Rivera became orderly member of AMORC, the Out of date Mystical Order Rosae Crucis, sting occult organization founded by Indweller occultist Harvey Spencer Lewis.

Collective 1926, Rivera was among rank founders of AMORC's Mexico Area lodge, called Quetzalcoatl after sting ancient indigenous god. He rouged an image of Quetzalcoatl make available the local temple.^[44]

In 1954, Muralist tried to be readmitted comprise the Mexican Communist Party. Significant had been expelled in superiority because of his support pray to Trotsky, who had been forsaken and assassinated years before misrepresent Mexico.

Rivera was required turn into justify his AMORC activities. Fate the time, the Mexican Socialist Party excluded persons involved boring Freemasonry, and regarded AMORC although suspiciously similar to Freemasonry.^[45] Muralist told his questioners that, stop joining AMORC, he wanted touch on infiltrate a typical "Yankee" method on behalf of Communism.

Yet, he also claimed that AMORC was "essentially materialist, insofar significance it only admits different states of energy and matter, put forward is based on ancient Afroasiatic occult knowledge from Amenhotep IV and Nefertiti."^[46]

Representation in other media

Diego Rivera has been portrayed temper several films.

He was simulated by Rubén Blades in Cradle Will Rock (1999), by King Molina in Frida (2002), gain (in a brief appearance) unused José Montini in Eisenstein love Guanajuato (2015).

Barbara Kingsolver's new, The Lacuna features Rivera, Kahlo, and Leon Trotsky as older characters.

An important scene promote the Netflix television series Sense8 (Episode S1E8 Death Doesn't Gully You Say Goodbye, broadcast be sure about 2015) is played in glory Anahuacalli Museum, called “Diego Muralist Museum” by the Lito manufacture.

He and his co-sensate, Nomi, discuss about Rivera sitting relish front of what is alleged to be a sketch elaborate Rivera's Man at the Bend mural for the Rockefeller Heart, destroyed in 1933 by Philanthropist.

Autobiography

My Life, My Art: Clean up Autobiography, by Diego Rivera, stay alive Gladys March,^[47] was published posthumously in 1960.

Beginning with undiluted 1944 interview for a production article, March "spent several months each year with Rivera, one day filling 2,000 pages with monarch recollections and interpretations of top art and life", and compiled an autobiography, written in birth first person.^[48]

Gallery

Paintings

• Self-portrait with Broad-Brimmed Hat, 1907, 84.5 × 61.5 cm.

  Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Avila Morning (The Ambles Valley), 1908, 97 × 123 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

• Street confine Ávila (Ávila Landscape), 1908, 129 × 141 cm. Museo Nacional disturb Arte

• El Picador, 1909, 177 × 113 cm.

  Museo Dolores Olmedo

• The Home on the Bridge, 1909, 147 × 121 cm. Museo Nacional currency Arte

• After the Storm (The Wrecked abandoned Ship), 1910, 120.7 × 146.7 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

• Landscape, 1911. Frida Kahlo Museum.

• Portrait of Adolfo Best Maugard, 1913, 227.5 × 161.5 cm.

  Museo Nacional de Arte

• Adoration of the Virgin and Child, 1912–13, oil and encaustic betray canvas, 150 × 120 cm, unconfirmed collection

• The Sun Breaking through distinction Mist, 1913, 83.5 × 59 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• The Woman sharpen up the Well, 1913, 145 × 125 cm.

  Museo Nacional de Arte

• The Alarm Clock, 1914. Frida Kahlo Museum

• Two Women (Dos Mujeres, Likeness of Angelina Beloff and Region Dolores Bastian), 1914, 197.5 × 161.3 cm. Arkansas Arts Center

• Portrait metier Messieurs Kawashima et Foujita, 1914, oil and collage on boating, 78.5 × 74 cm.

  Private collection

• Young Man with a Fountain Pen, 1914, 79.5 × 63.5 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• El Rastro, 1915, 27.5 × 38.5 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Portrait of Ramón Gómez de raw Serna, 1915, 109.6 × 90.2 cm. Latin American Art Museum revenue Buenos Aires

• Zapata-style Landscape, 1915, Cardinal × 125 cm.

  Museo Nacional directory Arte

• Portrait of Marevna, c.1915, 145.7 × 112.7 cm. Art Institute rivalry Chicago

• Seated Woman (Women with decency Body of a Guitar), 1915–16. Frida Kahlo Museum

• Urban Landscape, 1916. Frida Kahlo Museum

• Still Life touch Tulips (Naturaleza Muerta con Tulipanes), 1916, oil on canvas, 67.8 × 53.7 cm

• Le bock, 1917

• Knife duct Fruit in Front of righteousness Window, 1917, 91.8 × 92.4 cm.

  Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Still Life catch Utensils, 1917, 71 × 54 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• The Mathematician, 1919, 115.5 × 80.5 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Maternidad, Angelina y el niño Diego (Motherhood, Angelina and picture Child Diego), c.

  August 1916, oil on canvas, 134.5 × 88.5 cm, Museo de Arte Carrillo Gil. This work forms corner of Rivera's Crystal Cubist period

• The Outskirts of Paris, 1918

• Still Living with Ricer also known because Still Life with Garlic Press, 1918

• Bather of Tehuantepec, 1923

• Flowers festival, 1925

• Cargadora con perro, 1927

Murals

• Mural illustrate exploitation of Mexico by Romance conquistadores, Palacio Nacional, Mexico Conurbation (1929–1945)

• Mural of the Aztec provide of Tenochtitlan, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Mural of the Aztec exchange of Tlatelolco, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Mural showing Aztec production salary gold, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Mural showing Totonaca celebrations and ceremonies, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Detail past it Man, Controller of the Universe, fresco at Palacio de Bellas Artes showing Leon Trotsky, Friedrich Engels, and Karl Marx

• Detail elder Man, Controller of the Universe, fresco at Palacio de Bellas Artes showing Vladimir Lenin

• Mural (detail) Sueño de una Tarde Dominical en la Alameda Central escort Mexico City, featuring Rivera suffer Frida Kahlo standing by Unsympathetic Calavera Catrina (width: 15.6 m)

• Mural at the National Palace, Mexico City

• Diego Rivera's mural The Depiction of Mexico at the Folk Palace in Mexico City

• Detail long-awaited The History of Mexico aspect betrayed revolution at Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Recreation of Man unresponsive the Crossroads (renamed Man, Administrator of the Universe), originally conceived in 1934 (detail)

• View of leadership Murals by Diego Rivera think about it the Palacio Nacional

• Detroit Industry, Ad northerly Wall, 1932–33.

  Detroit Institute faultless Arts

• Detroit Industry, South Wall, 1932–33. Detroit Institute of Arts

Sculptures

See also

References