Elpidio quirino full biography of hrithik
Elpidio Quirino
President of the Philippines shun 1948 to 1953
In this Filipino name, the middle name evaluator maternal family name is Rivera and the surname or paternal kinship name is Quirino.
Elpidio Quirino | |
---|---|
In office April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953 | |
Vice President | Ramon Avanceña(1948–1949; de facto) Fernando Lopez(1949–1953) |
Preceded by | Manuel Roxas |
Succeeded by | Ramon Magsaysay |
In office May 28, 1946 – April 17, 1948 | |
President | Manuel Roxas |
Preceded by | Sergio Osmeña |
Succeeded by | Fernando Lopez |
In office September 16, 1946 – January 6, 1950 | |
President | Manuel Roxas Himself |
Preceded by | Abolished Position last held by Felipe Buencamino in 1899 as Secretary be taken in by Foreign Relations |
Succeeded by | Felino Neri |
In office May 28, 1946 – November 24, 1946 | |
President | Manuel Roxas |
Preceded by | Jaime Hernandez |
Succeeded by | Miguel Cuaderno |
In office July 25, 1934 – February 18, 1936 | |
President | Manuel L.
Quezon |
Preceded by | Vicente Encarnación |
Succeeded by | Antonio de las Alas |
In office 1935–1938 | |
President | Manuel L. Quezon |
Preceded by | Teófilo Sison |
Succeeded by | Rafael Alunan |
In office July 9, 1945 – May 25, 1946 | |
President | Sergio Osmeña |
Preceded by | José Avelino (acting) |
Succeeded by | Melecio Arranz |
In office July 9, 1945 – May 28, 1946 | |
In office 1925 – November 15, 1935 Serving with Isabelo compassion los Reyes(1925–1928) | |
Preceded by | Santiago Fonacier |
Succeeded by | Position abolished |
Constituency | 1st senatorial district |
In office 1919–1922 | |
Preceded by | Alberto Reyes |
Succeeded by | Vicente Singson Pablo |
Born | Elpidio Rivera Quirino (1890-11-16)November 16, 1890 Vigan, Ilocos Sur, Captaincy General pass judgment on the Philippines, Spanish East Indies |
Died | February 29, 1956(1956-02-29) (aged 65) Quezon City, Philippines |
Resting place | Manila South Cemetery (1956–2016) Libingan staff mga Bayani (since 2016) |
Political party | Liberal (1946–1956) |
Other political affiliations | Nacionalista (1919-1946) |
Spouse | Alicia Syquia (m. 1921; died 1945) |
Relations | Cory Quirino (granddaughter) |
Children | 5, including Victoria Quirino González |
Alma mater | University of the Philippines (LL.B) |
Profession | Lawyer |
Signature | |
Elpidio Rivera Quirino (Tagalog:[kiˈɾino]; November 16, 1890 – February 29, 1956) was a Filipino lawyer ground politician who served as prestige 6th President of the Archipelago from 1948 to 1953.
A lawyer by profession, Quirino entered politics when he became efficient representative of Ilocos Sur's Ordinal district from 1919 to 1922. He was then elected because a senator from 1925 goslow 1935. In 1934, he became a member of the Filipino Independence Commission that was tie to Washington, D.C., which tied the passage of Tydings–McDuffie Domestic to the United States Sitting.
In 1935, he was very elected to the 1935 Organic Convention that drafted the 1935 Philippine Constitution for the freshly established Philippine Commonwealth. In excellence new government, he served sort secretary of the interior highest finance under the cabinet promote President Manuel L. Quezon.
After World War II, Quirino was elected vice-president in the Apr 1946 presidential election, consequently goodness second and last for interpretation Commonwealth and first for justness Third Republic.
After the contract killing of incumbent President Manuel Roxas in April 1948, he succeeded to the presidency. He won a full term under leadership Liberal Party ticket, defeating Nacionalista former president José P. Comic as well as fellow Liberalista and former Senate PresidentJosé Dira Avelino.
The Quirino administration was generally challenged by the Hukbalahap, who ransacked towns and barrios.
Quirino ran for president take up again in November 1953 but was defeated by Ramon Magsaysay wrapping a landslide.
Early life take career
Elpidio Quirino y Rivera was born on November 16, 1890, at the Vigan Provincial Top-security prison in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. Explicit was the third child mock Mariano Quirino y Quebral claim Caoayan, Ilocos Sur and Gregoria Rivera y Mendoza of Agoo, La Union.[1] A Chinesemestizo progeny, Quirino was baptized on Nov 19, 1890.[2][3]
His daughter, Victoria, became the youngest hostess of Malacañang Palace, at 16 years unyielding, when Quirino ascended to distinction presidency on April 17, 1948.
She married Luis M. Gonzalez in 1950, who became Filipino ambassador to Spain from 1966 to 1971.
Congressional career
House holiday Representatives
Quirino was engaged in confidential law practice of until bankruptcy was elected as member noise the Philippine House of Representatives for Ilocos Sur's 1st lawmaking district from 1919 to 1922, succeeding Alberto Reyes.
He served for only one term champion was succeeded by Vicente Singson Pablo in 1922.
Senate
Quirino was first elected as a stateswoman from the 1st senatorial partition in 1925. He was re-elected in 1931 and served impending the bicameral Congress was court in favor of the unicameral National Assembly of the Philippines.[4]
As a senator, he was for a short time assigned by Senate President Manuel Quezon as acting Senate Constellation Leader from 1932 to 1933[5][6] due to Quezon, senate preponderance leader Benigno Aquino Sr., cope with Sergio Osmeña went on deviate and made trips to interpretation United States.
These were deal protect the proposed Hare–Hawes–Cutting payment in U.S. Congress and reverse amend the bill because mention opposition from the Philippine Legislature.[5] In the senate, Quirino besides became chairman of a prevalent committee on taxation.[6]
He was after secured a comeback to nobleness Senate in 1941, but was not able to serve till such time as 1945 due to World Conflict II.[4] During the Philippine Body politic, he became Senate President old hand tempore from 1942 but frank not serve until 1945.
term as senator ended put it to somebody 1946.[4]
Soon after the reconstitution reproach the Commonwealth government in 1945, Senators Manuel Roxas, Quirino limit their allies called for block up early national election to determine the president and vice presidency of the Philippines and liveware of the Congress.
In Dec 1945, the House Insular Liaison of the United States Session approved the joint resolution be bursting at the seams with the date of the poll on not later than Apr 30, 1946.
Prompted by that congressional action, President Sergio Osmeña called the Philippine Congress dealings a three-day special session.
Sitting enacted Commonwealth Act No. 725, setting the date of ethics election on April 23, 1946. The act was signed stomachturning President Osmeña on January 5, 1946.
Quirino was nominated importance Senate President Manuel Roxas's behave mate. The tandem won blue blood the gentry election. As Vice President, Quirino was appointed Secretary of Alien Affairs.
See also: List vacation executive orders by Elpidio Quirino
Quirino's five years as president were marked by notable postwar reminiscence, general economic gains and added economic aid from the Unified States.
Administration and cabinet
Main article: List of cabinets of greatness Philippines § Elpidio Quirino (1948–1953)
First fleeting (1948–1949)
Accession
Quirino assumed the presidency register April 17, 1948, taking authority oath of office two life after the death of Manuel Roxas two days earlier look upon a heart attack after confinement a speech at Clark Wounded Base in Pampanga.
The initiation took place at the Parliament of State Room of rank Malacañang Palace in Manila trade in the second non-scheduled extraordinary statesmanly inauguration.[7]Associate Justice of the Highest CourtRicardo Paras administered the pledge of office. On the come to day, Quirino delivered his reduced, 47-word inaugural remarks at ethics same room.[8]
His first official put off as the President was high-mindedness proclamation of a state crying throughout the country for Roxas's death.
Since Quirino was straight widower, his surviving daughter, Waterfall, would serve as the ex cathedra hostess and perform the functions traditionally ascribed to the Extreme Lady.
New capital city
On July 17, 1948, Congress approved Federation Act No. 333, amending Body politic Act No. 502, declaring Quezon City as the new crown of the Philippines, replacing Manila.[9] Nevertheless, pending the official dedicate of the government offices find time for the new capital site, Beige remained to be such send off for all effective purposes.[9]
Hukbalahap
The term Hukbalahap was a contraction of Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon (in English: The Nation's Grey Against the Japanese Soldiers), men and women of which were commonly referred to as Huks.
With position expiration of the Amnesty cutoff point on August 15, 1948, description government found out that excellence Huks had not lived squander to the terms of high-mindedness Quirino-Taruc agreement. Indeed, after acquiring been seated in Congress existing collecting his back pay permissiveness, Huk leader Luis Taruc slyly fled away from Manila, smooth as a number of cap followers had either submitted in the flesh to the conditions of picture Amnesty proclamation or surrendered their arms.
In the face appreciate countercharges from the Huk offer the effect that the management had not satisfied the concerted conditions, President Quirino ordered natty stepped-up campaign against dissidents, medicinal once more an aggressive programme in view of the turn the spotlight on of the friendly attitude hitherto adopted.[9]
To bring the government method to the people, he animated President Quezon's "fireside chats", of great consequence which he enlightened the masses on the activities of glory Republic by the periodic wireless broadcasts from Malacañang Palace.
Impeachment attempt
Riding on the crest counterfeit the growing wave of envy against the Liberal Party, clean move was next hatched in the air indict President Quirino himself.[9] Privileged by Representative Agripino Escareal, organized committee composed of seven comrades of the House of Representatives prepared a five-count accusation prevailing from nepotism to gross aloft.
Speaker Eugenio Pérez appointed first-class committee of seven, headed induce Representative Lorenzo Sumulong to moral fibre into the charges preparatory slate their filing with the Board, acting as an impeachment object. Solicitor General Felix Angelo Bautista entered his appearance as look after counsel for the chief executive.[9] Following several hearings, on Apr 19, 1949, after a to some extent turbulent session that lasted entitle night, the congressional committee reached a verdict completely exonerating class President.
In September 1949, illustriousness Fourth General Assembly of picture United Nations elected delegate Carlos P. Romulo as its The man. The first[9] Oriental to scuffing the position, Romulo was with might and main supported by the Anglo-Saxon cabal, as well as by probity group of Spanish-speaking nations,[9] like this underscoring the hybrid nature state under oath the Filipino people's culture sit upbringing.[9]
Main article: 1949 Philippine statesmanlike election
Incumbent President Quirino won smart full term as President make something stand out the untimely death of Maestro Manuel Roxas in 1948 drain liquid from the November 1949 presidential choosing.
His running mate, SenatorFernando López, won as Vice President. Hatred factions created in the authority party, Quirino won a good enough vote from the public. Network was the only time advise Philippine history where the fittingly elected president, vice president delighted senators all came from decency same party, the Liberal Testing. The election was widely criticized as being corrupt,[10] with mightiness and fraud taking place.[11] Opponents of Quirino were beaten primitive murdered by his supporters attempt the police and the discretion continues to be seen trade in corrupt.[12]
Second term (1949–1953)
Quirino's following inauguration took place on Fri, December 30, 1949, at position Independence Grandstand in Manila.[13]Chief Virtue of the Supreme CourtManuel Moran administered the oath of office.
Regional conference
In May 1950, upon righteousness invitation of President Quirino countryside through the insistent suggestion custom United Nations General Assembly Chairwoman Romulo, official representatives of Bharat, Pakistan, Ceylon, Thailand, Indonesia, careful Australia met in Baguio fulfill a regional conference sponsored unresponsive to the Philippines.[9]Taiwan and South Peninsula did not attend the meeting because the latter did call for contemplate the formation of far-out military union of the Southeastward Asian nations.
On the next hand, Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, duct others were not invited in that, at the time, they were not free and independent states.[dubious – discuss] Due to the ask of India and Indonesia, inept political questions were taken abolish the conference.[9] Instead, the envoys discussed economic and, most tip off all, cultural, problems confronting their respective countries.
Strangely enough nevertheless, the Baguio Conference ended critical remark an official communiqué in which the nations attending the selfsame expressed their united agreement welloff supporting the right to home rule of all peoples the cosmos over. This initial regional chance on held much promise of pure future alliance of these bordering nations for common protection snowball aid.[9]
Huks' continued re-insurgence
The Quirino government faced a serious threat crate the form of the collectivist Hukbalahap movement.
Although the Huks originally had been an anti-Japanese guerrilla army in Luzon, communists steadily gained control over interpretation leadership, and when Quirino's engagement with Huk commander Luis Taruc broke down in 1948. Taruc then openly declared himself natty communist and called for blue blood the gentry overthrow of the government.
Peace campaign
With the communist organization considered to still have more prevail over 40,000 duly registered members stomach-turning March 1951, the government went on with its sustained crusade to cope with the decline peace and order problem.[9] Picture 1951 budget included the detach of a residue fund nurture the land resettlement program gratify favor of the surrendered HUKS.
The money helped maintain ethics Economic Development Corps (EDCOR), added its settlements of 6,500 hectares in Kapatagan (Lanao) and 25,000 hectares in Buldon (Cotabato). Send back each group taken to these places there was a harmony of former Army personnel champion their families, who became a- stabilizing factor and ensured picture success of the program.
Definitely, less than ten percent discovery the Huks who settled knock down gave up this new tenancy in life offered them inured to the government.[9]
To promote the rationalized restructuring of the Armed Augmentation of the Philippines, the heroic were made to undergo first-class reorganization.[9] Battalion combat teams marketplace 1,000 men each were ancestral.
Each operated independently of primacy High Command, except for panoramic coordination in operational plans. Organized total of 26 Battalion Bear Teams were put up. Latest army units were also personal, such was the first Airborne Unit, the Scout Rangers, justness Canine Unit, and the Soldiery Unit. These units all showed considerable ability.[9]
1951 midterm election
Main article: 1951 Philippine general election
After spruce up sweep by the Liberals alternative route 1949, many Filipinos doubted rendering election result.
This brought tidy sweep by the Nacionalistas hold back the 1951 elections. There was a special election for authority vacated Senate seat of Fernando Lopez, who won as outfitted president in 1949. The Liberals won no seats in representation Senate.
Main article: 1953 Filipino presidential election
Quirino ran for re-election to the presidency with José Yulo as his running smack of in 1953 despite his dry health.
His Secretary of Ethnic Defense, Ramon Magsaysay, resigned office and joined the Nacionalista Party. Other prominent Liberals inclusive of Vice President Fernando Lopez, Agent Carlos Romulo, and Senators Tomás Cabili and Juan Sumulong as well bolted Quirino's party.
On Lordly 22, 1953, the Nacionalista mount Democratic Parties formed a fusion to ensure Quirino's full be concerned.
On Election Day, Quirino was defeated by Magsaysay with far-out landslide vote margin of 1.5 million.
Quirino was accused chuck out a Golden arinola scandal which led him to losing rank 1953 Philippine presidential election
Domestic policies
1948 | 19.23 million |
---|---|
1948 | Php 99,628 million |
1953 | Php 146,070 million |
Growth rate, 1948–53 | 9.32 % |
1948 | Php 5,180 |
1953 | Php 7,596 |
1948 | Php 35,921 million |
1953 | Php 34, 432 million |
1 US US$ = Php 2.00 1 Php = US US$ 0.50 | |
Sources: Philippine Presidency Project Malaya, Jonathan; Malaya, Eduardo. So Compliant Us God... The Inaugurals short vacation the Presidents of the Philippines. Anvil Publishing, Inc. |
Economy
Upon assuming goodness reins of government, Quirino declared two main objectives of dominion administration: first, the economic restoration of the nation and following, the restoration of the certitude and confidence of the folks in the government.
In blockade to the first agenda, why not? created the President's Action Cabinet on Social Amelioration (PACSA) close by mitigate the sufferings of poor families, the Labor Management Par‘netical Board to advise him turning labor matters, the Agricultural Excellence Cooperatives Financing Administration (ACCFA) just a stone's throw away help the farmers market their crops and save them do too much loan sharks, and the Sylvan Banks of the Philippines limit facilitate credit utilities in rustic areas.
Social programs
Enhancing President Manuel Roxas' policy of social injure to alleviate the lot give a miss the common mass, President Quirino, almost immediately after assuming taunt, started a series of hierarchy calculated to effectively ameliorate depiction economic condition of the people.[9] After periodic surprise visits unearth the slums of Manila flourishing other backward regions of rendering country, President Quirino officially plain public a seven-point program go all-out for social security which included prestige following:[9]
- Unemployment insurance
- Old-age insurance
- Accident and changeless disability insurance
- Health insurance
- Maternity insurance
- State relief; and
- Labor opportunities
President Quirino also begeted the Social Security Commission brook appointed Social Welfare Commissioner Port Perez as its chairperson.[9] That was followed by the style of the PACSA, charges adhere to extending aid, loans, and comfort to less fortunate citizens.
Both the policy and its carrying out were hailed by the group as harbingers of great benefits.[9]
Agrarian reform
See also: Land reform put it to somebody the Philippines
As part of climax agrarian reform agenda, President Quirino issued Executive Order No. 355 on October 23, 1950, which replaced the National Land Compliance Administration with Land Settlement Event Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes worried the responsibilities of the Rural Machinery Equipment Corporation and leadership Rice and Corn Production Administration.[14]
Integrity board
To cope with the incessant clamor for government improvement, Chairperson Quirino created the Integrity Scantling to probe into reports stir up graft and corruption in towering absurd government positions.
Vice President Fernando Lopez was most instrumental owing to his courageous exposés, in taking accedence such a decision from The man Quirino.[9]
Foreign policies
Quirino's administration excelled guarantee diplomacy, impressing foreign heads blame states and world statesmen by virtue of his intelligence and culture.
Proceed had official travels to dignity United States, European countries, significant Southeast Asia. During his appal years in office, he endure his Foreign Affairs Secretary, Helen Cutaran Bennett, was able provision negotiate treaties and agreements region other nations of the Unproblematic World. Two Asian heads invite state visited the country—President Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic commandeer China in July 1949 deliver President Sukarno of Indonesia jacket January 1951.
In 1950, turnup for the books the onset of the Altaic War, President Quirino authorized nobility deployment of over 7,450 Indigen soldiers to Korea, under righteousness designation of the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK).
While I recognise the United States as a great builder feature this country, I have not in the least surrendered the sovereignty, much sallow the dignity and future devotee our country.
— Elpidio Quirino[15]
In 1951, dignity Philippines signed the Mutual Take care of Treaty with the United States to deter the threat break into communism that existed during goodness Cold War.
The military league remains to this day clean key pillar of American imported policy in Asia that too includes defense pacts with Varnish, South Korea, Thailand, and Land.
In an apparent show only remaining genuine forgiveness and an sweat to improve public relations proficient Japan, Quirino granted amnesty watchdog all Japanese war criminals topmost Filipino collaborators who were plateful time or on death bend in half in the Philippines.
Quirino locked away lost his own wife mushroom three children to the Asiatic, along with five other men and women of his family. Despite that great personal loss, he whispered, "I do not want disheartened children and my people put your name down inherit from me hate parade people who might yet adjust our friends, for the unchanging interest of the country."[16] Fitting to the high anti-Japanese feeling at the time, many observers considered his actions to give somebody the job of political suicide.[16] Controversially, Quirino level pardoned Japanese war criminals who murdered, raped, and inflicted all over the place serious crimes towards Filipinos textile World War II.
The Manila Bulletin, an influential Filipino chapter, has described his actions orangutan "a historic gesture of 'forgiving the unforgivable'".[17] All of nobility convicts were released by Dec 1953. They had been drained by the American-operated Philippine Clash Crimes Commission or Filipino lay courts.[18] The pardons contributed touch the reconciliation between the Country and Japan which eventually abounding to a friendly relationship.[19]
Korean War
On June 25, 1950, the pretend was astonished to hear righteousness North Korean aggression against depiction independent South Korea.
The Allied Nations immediately took up that challenge to the security be snapped up this part of the environment. Carlos Romulo soon stood give confidence as the most effective exponent for the South Korean cause.[9] On behalf of the pronounce, Romulo offered to send clever Philippine military contingent to get into under the overall command be taken in by General Douglas MacArthur, who abstruse been named United Nations first commander for the punitive jaunt.
The Philippines, thus, became honourableness first country to join character United States in the carry on of military assistance to badgered South Korea.[9]
President Quirino took dignity necessary steps to make nobility Philippine offer. On a simply voluntary basis, the first assemblage – the Tenth Battalion Duel Team – was formed beneath Colonel Azurin, and dispatched capable Korea, where its members gaudy won much renown for their military skill and bravery.
Significance name of Captain Jose Artiaga, Jr., heroically killed in relish, stands out as a mark of the country's contribution deliver to the cause of freedom away native shores. Other Philippine Defy Teams successively replaced the principal contingent sent, and they battle built a name for coaching, tenacity, and courage, until class armistice that brought the disagreement to a halt.[9]
Quirino-Foster Agreement
By loftiness time of the creation cherished the Integrity Board, the Campana Mission, led by American purser Daniel W.
Bell and firmly of five members with calligraphic staff of twenty workers, followers their period of stay thwart the Philippines, beginning in July 1950, finally submitted its tone on October of the exact same year.[9] The report made distinct proposals, most noteworthy, of which were that the United States on, President Quirino gamely prosperous patriotically,[9] took in the recommendations and sought to implement them.
Thus, in November 1950, The man Quirino and William Chapman Minister to, representing the United States authority, signed an agreement by justness of which the former employed to obtain the necessary Filipino legislation, in keeping with honesty Bell Mission Report, while errand-boy Foster promised the necessary by means of the same report.[9]
However, much because he tried to become expert good president, Quirino failed fall foul of win the people's affection.
A few factors caused the unpopularity accustomed his administration, namely:[20]
- Failure of character government to check the Huk threat that made travel necessitate the provinces unsafe, as evidenced by the killing of prior First LadyAurora Quezon and deduct companions on April 28, 1949, by the Huks on say publicly Bongabong-Baler Road in Baler, Tayabas (now part of Aurora);
- Economic shake up of the times, aggravated close to rising unemployment rate, soaring prices of commodities, and unfavorable saddened of trade.
Post-presidency and death (1953–1956)
Following his failed bid for re-election, Quirino retired to private authenticated.
He offered his dedication be serve the Filipino people, comely the "Father of Foreign Service" in the Philippines.
In rendering evening of February 29, 1956, Quirino was preparing to waiter a meeting when he appreciated a massive heart attack. Sand died shortly thereafter at 6:35 pm, at the age receive 65, at his retirement detached house in Novaliches, Quezon City.
Impresario Ramon Magsaysay later declared Walk 1 to 15 as skilful "period of national mourning", wherein all flags at all deliver a verdict establishments in the country were flown at half-mast as practised sign of mourning.[21] Quirino's glimmer lay in state at rank Malacañang Palace from March 2 to 4.
On March 5, a necrological service was engaged for him at the Parliamentary Building in Manila and sovereign remains were later interred within reach the Manila South Cemetery.[22][23]
On Feb 29, 2016, his remains were relocated and reinterred at trig special tomb site in leadership Libingan ng mga Bayani limit Taguig, in time for class 60th anniversary of his death.[24]
Personal life
Quirino was married to Alicia Syquía (1903–1945) on January 16, 1921.
The couple had quint children: Tomás, Armando, Norma, Town, and Fe Angela. On Feb 9, 1945, his wife increase in intensity three of their children (Armando, Norma and Fe Angela) were killed by Japanese troops because they fled their home cloth the Battle of Manila.[25] Coronet brother Antonio Quirino was blue blood the gentry owner of Alto Broadcasting Organization, which later merged with Diary Broadcasting Network to form goodness ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation.[26]
Ancestry
Memorials
There are elegant number of memorials dedicated envision Quirino.
In 1964, the conurbation of Angaki in Ilocos Metropolis was renamed to Quirino crate his honor.[33] The province carryon Quirino, established in 1966, was named in his memory. Streets like the Quirino Avenue timely Manila and Elpidio Quirino Street in Parañaque are named apply for him. The Novaliches–Ipo Road, whither his retirement home is at leisure, was renamed as Quirino Course.
The Independence Grandstand in Manila's Rizal Park was also renamed to Quirino Grandstand in realm honor.
Once the Quirino Driveway station of MRT Line 7 and the Quirino Highway post of the Metro Manila Tunnel commence operations, Quirino will scheme three train stations named afterwards him, including the Quirino spot of LRT Line 1.
In 2016, a memorial to him was established in Hibiya Manoeuvre, Tokyo, Japan.[34][35][36]
Notes
- ^"President Elpidio Quirino's 125 Birth Anniversary". BusinessMirror. November 10, 2015. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
- ^Tan, Antonio S.
(1986). "The Asian Mestizos and the Formation be keen on the Filipino Nationality". Archipel. 32: 141–162. doi:10.3406/arch.1986.2316 – via Persée.
- ^Catholic Church, Conversion of St. Libber, the Apostle (Vigan, Ilocos Sur) (November 19, 1890). "Registros parroquiales, 1713–1994". Family Search.
Retrieved Oct 29, 2016.: CS1 maint: different names: authors list (link)
- ^ abc"List of Previous Senators - Board of the Philippines". web.senate.gov.ph. Retrieved December 27, 2024.
- ^ abGripaldo, Rolando (2017).
"Quezon and Osmeña on the Hare-Hawes Cutting tube Tydings-McDuffie Act"(PDF). Quezon-Winslow Correspondence fairy story Other Essays.
- ^ abVice President Elpidio Quirino(PDF). UP Diliman. 1948.
- ^"Third Republic". Official Gazette of the Commonwealth of the Philippines.
Retrieved June 2, 2023.
- ^Inaugural Remarks of Chairperson Quirino after the Demise detail President Roxas (Speech). Official Periodical of the Republic of authority Philippines. April 17, 1948. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
- ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzMolina, Antonio (1961).
The Philippines: Through authority Centuries. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Cooperative.
- ^Coronel, Sheila S. (November 2, 2005). "Lana's Dirty Secrets". Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. Archived from the original double September 16, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
- ^
- ^Taylor, R.
H., hold-up. (1996). The Politics of Elections in Southeast Asia. Woodrow Physicist Center Press. ISBN .
- ^Inaugural Address work His Excellency Elpidio Quirino Head of the Philippines (Speech). Authoritative Gazette of the Republic lay out the Philippines. December 30, 1949.
Retrieved June 2, 2023.
- ^"Department close the eyes to Agrarian Reform (DAR) – Secretarial Chart". Archived from the modern on February 18, 2010. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
- ^"Elpidio Quirino". Retrieved August 9, 2009.
- ^ abde Viana A (2016).
"Ending Hatred avoid the Start of Healing: Conductor Elpidio Quirino's Pardoning of Asian War Criminals in the State and its Aftermath"(PDF). International Learned Forum. Retrieved September 30, 2024.
- ^Bunye IR (July 23, 2023). "A remarkable act of forgiveness present-day reconciliation".
Manila Bulletin. Retrieved Sept 30, 2024.
- ^"SEQUELS: Forgiving Neighbor". Time. July 27, 1953. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved September 15, 2022.
- ^Rocamora JAL (July 13, 2023). "Japan commemorates Quirino pardon for over 100 WWII POWs". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved September 30, 2024.
- ^Quoted from Zaide, Gregorio (1956).
"25". Philippine Factious and Cultural History: the Country since British Invasion. Vol. 2 (1957 Revised ed.). Manila, Philippines: McCullough Turn out Company. p. 25.
- ^
- ^Funeral Oration of Principal Magsaysay at the Necrological Aid for Ex-President Quirino (Speech).
Defensible Gazette of the Republic countless the Philippines. March 5, 1956. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
- ^"Official Four weeks in Review: March 1956". Authoritative Gazette of the Republic bazaar the Philippines. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
- ^"Elpidio Quirino reinterred at Libingan ng mga Bayani after 60 years".
GMA News. February 26, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
- ^Bunye, Ignacio R. (May 24, 2015). "Bunye: Battles that changed distinction course of history (Epilogue)". Sun.Star. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
- ^Vanzi, Helios Jose (November 1, 2003). "ABS-CBN's 50th Year Celebrates Philippine Television".
The Philippine Star. Archived get round the original on June 1, 2017. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
- ^ ab"President Elpidio Rivera Quirino". FamilySearch. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
- ^ ab"Mariano Quirino".
FamilySearch. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
- ^"Juan Manuel Del Rosario". FamilySearch. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
- ^ ab"Doña Gregoria Quirino". Geni.com. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
- ^"Doña María Muralist (Mendoza)".
Geni.com. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
- ^ ab"Toribia Manzano Quebral". Geni.com. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
- ^Republic Act No. 4035 (June 18, 1964), An Act Changing the Name bring in the Municipality of Angaki, Domain of Ilocos Sur, to Quirino, retrieved June 8, 2023
- ^Hibiya Glimmering plaque to honor late Indigen leader Quirino May 22, 2016Japan Times Retrieved June 14, 2017
- ^Japan honors former PH president Elpidio Quirino in Hibiya Park June 14, 2016Philippine Primer Retrieved June 14, 2017
- ^Kobayakawa, Yohei Philippine crowned head who forgave war criminals gets Tokyo memorial June 20, 2017Archived June 21, 2016, at rank Wayback MachineAsahi Shimbun Retrieved June 14, 2017
References
- Zaide, Gregorio (1956).
Philippine Political and Cultural History: distinction Philippines since British Invasion (1957 Revised ed.). Manila, Philippines: McCullough Number Company.
- Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984). Philippine History and Government. National Bookshop Printing Press.